AMATEKA- Ingoma-Ngabe Nyiginya
Nk’uko mu Rwanda rwo hambere habayeho Ingoma-ngabe z’abasangwabutaka, iz’abahinza, ni nako habayeho Ingoma-Ngabe Nyiginya. Abami b’aho bari Abanyiginya, bakagira n’Ingoma-Ngabe yabo. Ingabe-Nyiginya ikaba yari itetse mu Rwanda rugari rwa Gasabo, ari naho hari umurwa wayo.Nk’uko amateka karande y’u Rwanda abigaragaza, Ingoma-Nyiginya yahanzwe na Gihanga I Ngomijana, akaba ari nawe amateka y’Abami aheraho nk’umwami w’umushumi; nyuma y’abami b’ibimanuka b’i Gasabo.
Ibyo aribyo byose ariko si Gihanga wadukanye gakondo y’ingabe mu butegetsi bw’u Rwanda. Ahubwo yaba yarasanze ingoma ifite ireme mu butegetsi, akaba yaragendeye ku muco w’ubwiru asanganye Abasangwabutaka, abuhishuriwe na Rubunga uwo bahimbye “ Mwungura wunguye ingoma ubwiru ”
Rwoga
Gihanga akimara kwima ikirangabwami cye cyari “Inyundo”. Yakomeje kwitwa “Inyundo ya Gihanga mu mateka karande y’u Rwanda na Nyamiringa: Urusengo rwa Gihanga”. Nyuma iyo ndangabutegetsi ya Gihanga yaje gusimburwa n’Ingoma-Ngabe “Rwoga”, ari nayo ngoma ya mbere ndangabwami y’Abanyiginya.
Ingoma-Nyiginya yari itetse mu Rwanda rugari rwa Gasabo ari naho hari umurwa mukuru wayo. Nyamara ariko na nyuma y’aho Rwoga ibereye Ingoma-Ngabe, Inyundo na Nyamiringa ntibyibagiranye burundu, ahubwo byakokomeje kugira uruhare mu iyimika-bami no mu yindi mihango.
Nk’iyo umuntu yacishwaga Urusengo, ntiyashoboraga guhirahira ngo agaruke i Rwanda, ariko iyo yacishwaga ingoma, igicibwa cyangwa se urubyaro rwacyo bashoboraga kuzagaruka i Rwanda.
Ubwo umwami w’i Bunyabungo, Nsibura I Nyebunga ateye u Rwanda akarwigarurira ku Ngoma ya Ndahiro Cyamatare ahasaga mu w’1477, yanyaze ingabe Rwoga, iyayo “Cyimumugizi” Gitandura ( yari ingabekazi) ayibundisha mu Rutaka rwa Muhanga hafi y’umudugudu wa Gitarama, aho Ruganzu Ndoli yimiye mu w’1510.
Rwoga yari yaranyazwe n’umunyabungo Nsibura Nyebunga, Abiru bayisimbuza indi ngoma nshyashya “Nangamadumbu ” yari isanzwe ari indamutsa ya Ruganzu Ndoli.
Karinga
Mu ngoro y’umwami uwo ariwe wese habaga ingo zubakiwe abakurambere. Iz’ingenzi ni izi: Kwa Gihanga, kwa Kibogo no kwa Cyilima.
Kwa Gihanga: Niho habaga umuriro wa Gihanga. Hari intango yawo, bacanaga mu kibindi kinini cyane. Abawucanaga ni Abiru bari batuye i Buhimba, bawucanaga mu biti by’umunyinya. Ntiwazimaga na rimwe. Abanyamuriro bawucanaga bari Abagesera. Barawuvumbikaga wajya kuzima bakawucana bakuranwa.
Ibyo biti byo kuwuhembera bajyaga kubica muri Mageragere.Wajyaga kuzima abanyarushingo bakawuhembera mu giti cy’umurinzi. Ku ngoma ya Musinga, iyo ntango yo kwa Gihanga yacanwaga n’umwiru witwaga Kimonyo ukomoka i Gaseke ho mu Rutobwe.
Uwo muriro ndanga-busugire bw’ingoma Nyiginya waje kuzima mu w’1936, ubwo hari ku ngoma ya Mutara V Rudahigwa, ubwo hari mu ihururu ry’umwaduko w’abazungu. Icyo gihe wari umaze imyaka isaga 845 yose uwo muriro waka ubutazima. Uwo muriro ukaba warashushanyaga “Ubumwe butagajuka bwa bene Gihanga, cyangwa se Abanyarwanda muri rusange”.
Kwa Kibogo: Habaga Nyamiringa (urusengo ) n’inyundo ya Gihanga. Inyundo n’urusengo nibyo byari ikiranga-bwami cyo kungoma ya Gihanga, cyasimbuwe nyuma y’ingoma-ngabe Rwoga.
Kwa Cyilima: Ni i Gaseke ho mu Rutobwe. Niho ba Mutara na ba Cyilima boserezwaga. Uwahosherejwe bigaragara ni Cyilima Rujugira. Hari n’umusezero wa Cyirima. Ibisigazwa bye babivanye i Gaseke mu w’1969, biri mu nzu Ndangamurage w’ u Rwanda i Butare (Huye ).
Ingoma iteka zabaga kwa Cyilima, kikaba igicumbi cy’ingoma. Niho haberaga imihango yo “Gukura Gicurasi” kikaba igicumbi cyo guterekera. Kalinga yabaga kwa Cyilima n’ibigamba byayo, aribyo: Cyimumugizi ( wa neza ), Kiragutse Mpatsibihugu Karinga.
Karinga yaramvuwe mu cyanya cy’i Cyungo ho muri Komini Cyungo muri Byumba (mu karere ka Gicumbi ubu), nk’uko imbyino y’ako Karere iranga iyo nkomoko: Icyungo nyamurema cyaremwe n’Imana kiramvurwamo Karinga na Nyamuganza.
Na none bakongera mu marenga bagira bati: Isekuru yo kwa Minyaruko ya Nyamikenke kugirango ibe nziza bajya kuyibaza mu mivugangoma. Bayishyiraho uruhu rwa ya nka bari bakamiye Ruganzu Kalinga niyo yasimbuye Rwoga iba indanga-bwami mu Rwanda kuva ku ngoma ya Ruganzu II Ndori kugeza mu wa 1962, ubwo ingoma ya cyami yasezererwaga mu Rwanda rugahinduka Repuburika.
Ruganzu Ndori aho aviriye i Karagwe kwa Nyirasenga Nyabunyana, aho yari yarahungishirijwe muri ya midugararo ya se Ndahiro Cyamatara, yimitse Kalinga ho Ingabe isimbura Rwoga. Naho Ingabekezi Cyimumugizi, yari yarabundishijwe isimburwa na Nangamadumbu yari isanzwe ari indamutsa ya Ruganzu Ndori mu iyimika rya Kalinga, umurwa wa Ruganzu wari Ruganda ho muri Komini Tare mu Bumbogo, ho mu karere ka Rulindo ubu.
Imihango yo y’iramvura rya Kalinga yateguriwe kwa Minyaruko wa Nyamikenke mu Busigi. Kalinga iramvurwa na Nyamigezi wa Minyaruko, ayiramvura i Cyungo ho muri Cyungo, Minyaruko ayitura Ruganzu. Ruganzu aho amariye gushinga ingoro ye i Mata ya Muhanga ho muri Komini Mushubati mu Karere ka Muhanga ubu, na ya Cyimugizi yari yarabundishijwe na Gitandura iza gutarurwa n’abashumba ahantu h’ubuvumo.
Ruganzu aherako ayisimbuza Nangamadumbu, ayimika ho Ingabekazi isanga Kalinga yongera kuba iyayo.Nangamadumbu ishingwa abatandura ngo bayiragira by’ingororano y’ishyaka rya Gitandura, wari waracikanye Cyimumugizi igihe byacikiraga i Rubi rw’i Nyundo.
Kugirango Kalinga itazaba inshike nka Rwoga bayiremeye inshungu ebyiri: Bariba na Karihejuru, ziremwaho insimbura-ngabe. Nyuma yaho Kigeli Rwabugili aziremeraho Mpatsibihugu, Kiragutse, Icyumwe na Butare.
Izo zose zikaba zarahiriye ku ntambara yo ku Rucunshu. Kalinga yari Ingabe ndanga-sumbwe y’u Rwanda ku bihugu rwanesheje. Ikirango cy’iryo sumbwe, ni ibikondo by’abami b’amahanga bishwe n’abami b’u Rwanda mu ntambara, ibyo binyita babishyiraga mu mpuzu bikaza kumera nk’injishi z’igisabo, bagakokera n’ubuhivu bakabyambika Ingabe bigatendera mu ruhanga rwayo. Bomekagaho n’ibisabo bashyiragamo inda y’inka (amara) baraguje yeze, hagataho inyundo ya Gihanga. Kalinga n’Ibigamba:Cyimumugizi, Kiragutse na Mpatsibihugu
Zagiraga buri ngoma, ingabo zisobetse nk’insika, ingabo iri imbere y’ingoma. Kandi buri ngoma yabaga ifite icumu rishinze iruhande rwayo. Habaga n’izindi ngoma z’ibyegera by’Ingabe:
Gatsindamiko yari indamutsa ya Yuhi Musinga
Rucabagome na Ntibushuba Kigeri Rwabugili yanyaze Kabego Umwami w’Ijwi
Rugiramisango yaremwe na Kigeri Ndabarasa, iza guhira ku Rucunshu. Ku ngoma ya Yuhi Musinga arema indi yasimburaga iyo yakongotse ubwo byacikiraga ku Rucunshu. Kalinga yari Ingabe ndanga-sumbwe no ku zindi ngoma
Yarahekwaga igihe cy’imihango y’umuganura n’igihe cy’ubwihisho, yashyikirizwaga umuganura.
Ibyo aribyo byose ariko si Gihanga wadukanye gakondo y’ingabe mu butegetsi bw’u Rwanda. Ahubwo yaba yarasanze ingoma ifite ireme mu butegetsi, akaba yaragendeye ku muco w’ubwiru asanganye Abasangwabutaka, abuhishuriwe na Rubunga uwo bahimbye “ Mwungura wunguye ingoma ubwiru ”
Rwoga
Gihanga akimara kwima ikirangabwami cye cyari “Inyundo”. Yakomeje kwitwa “Inyundo ya Gihanga mu mateka karande y’u Rwanda na Nyamiringa: Urusengo rwa Gihanga”. Nyuma iyo ndangabutegetsi ya Gihanga yaje gusimburwa n’Ingoma-Ngabe “Rwoga”, ari nayo ngoma ya mbere ndangabwami y’Abanyiginya.
Ingoma-Nyiginya yari itetse mu Rwanda rugari rwa Gasabo ari naho hari umurwa mukuru wayo. Nyamara ariko na nyuma y’aho Rwoga ibereye Ingoma-Ngabe, Inyundo na Nyamiringa ntibyibagiranye burundu, ahubwo byakokomeje kugira uruhare mu iyimika-bami no mu yindi mihango.
Nk’iyo umuntu yacishwaga Urusengo, ntiyashoboraga guhirahira ngo agaruke i Rwanda, ariko iyo yacishwaga ingoma, igicibwa cyangwa se urubyaro rwacyo bashoboraga kuzagaruka i Rwanda.
Ubwo umwami w’i Bunyabungo, Nsibura I Nyebunga ateye u Rwanda akarwigarurira ku Ngoma ya Ndahiro Cyamatare ahasaga mu w’1477, yanyaze ingabe Rwoga, iyayo “Cyimumugizi” Gitandura ( yari ingabekazi) ayibundisha mu Rutaka rwa Muhanga hafi y’umudugudu wa Gitarama, aho Ruganzu Ndoli yimiye mu w’1510.
Rwoga yari yaranyazwe n’umunyabungo Nsibura Nyebunga, Abiru bayisimbuza indi ngoma nshyashya “Nangamadumbu ” yari isanzwe ari indamutsa ya Ruganzu Ndoli.
Karinga
Mu ngoro y’umwami uwo ariwe wese habaga ingo zubakiwe abakurambere. Iz’ingenzi ni izi: Kwa Gihanga, kwa Kibogo no kwa Cyilima.
Kwa Gihanga: Niho habaga umuriro wa Gihanga. Hari intango yawo, bacanaga mu kibindi kinini cyane. Abawucanaga ni Abiru bari batuye i Buhimba, bawucanaga mu biti by’umunyinya. Ntiwazimaga na rimwe. Abanyamuriro bawucanaga bari Abagesera. Barawuvumbikaga wajya kuzima bakawucana bakuranwa.
Ibyo biti byo kuwuhembera bajyaga kubica muri Mageragere.Wajyaga kuzima abanyarushingo bakawuhembera mu giti cy’umurinzi. Ku ngoma ya Musinga, iyo ntango yo kwa Gihanga yacanwaga n’umwiru witwaga Kimonyo ukomoka i Gaseke ho mu Rutobwe.
Uwo muriro ndanga-busugire bw’ingoma Nyiginya waje kuzima mu w’1936, ubwo hari ku ngoma ya Mutara V Rudahigwa, ubwo hari mu ihururu ry’umwaduko w’abazungu. Icyo gihe wari umaze imyaka isaga 845 yose uwo muriro waka ubutazima. Uwo muriro ukaba warashushanyaga “Ubumwe butagajuka bwa bene Gihanga, cyangwa se Abanyarwanda muri rusange”.
Kwa Kibogo: Habaga Nyamiringa (urusengo ) n’inyundo ya Gihanga. Inyundo n’urusengo nibyo byari ikiranga-bwami cyo kungoma ya Gihanga, cyasimbuwe nyuma y’ingoma-ngabe Rwoga.
Kwa Cyilima: Ni i Gaseke ho mu Rutobwe. Niho ba Mutara na ba Cyilima boserezwaga. Uwahosherejwe bigaragara ni Cyilima Rujugira. Hari n’umusezero wa Cyirima. Ibisigazwa bye babivanye i Gaseke mu w’1969, biri mu nzu Ndangamurage w’ u Rwanda i Butare (Huye ).
Ingoma iteka zabaga kwa Cyilima, kikaba igicumbi cy’ingoma. Niho haberaga imihango yo “Gukura Gicurasi” kikaba igicumbi cyo guterekera. Kalinga yabaga kwa Cyilima n’ibigamba byayo, aribyo: Cyimumugizi ( wa neza ), Kiragutse Mpatsibihugu Karinga.
Karinga yaramvuwe mu cyanya cy’i Cyungo ho muri Komini Cyungo muri Byumba (mu karere ka Gicumbi ubu), nk’uko imbyino y’ako Karere iranga iyo nkomoko: Icyungo nyamurema cyaremwe n’Imana kiramvurwamo Karinga na Nyamuganza.
Na none bakongera mu marenga bagira bati: Isekuru yo kwa Minyaruko ya Nyamikenke kugirango ibe nziza bajya kuyibaza mu mivugangoma. Bayishyiraho uruhu rwa ya nka bari bakamiye Ruganzu Kalinga niyo yasimbuye Rwoga iba indanga-bwami mu Rwanda kuva ku ngoma ya Ruganzu II Ndori kugeza mu wa 1962, ubwo ingoma ya cyami yasezererwaga mu Rwanda rugahinduka Repuburika.
Ruganzu Ndori aho aviriye i Karagwe kwa Nyirasenga Nyabunyana, aho yari yarahungishirijwe muri ya midugararo ya se Ndahiro Cyamatara, yimitse Kalinga ho Ingabe isimbura Rwoga. Naho Ingabekezi Cyimumugizi, yari yarabundishijwe isimburwa na Nangamadumbu yari isanzwe ari indamutsa ya Ruganzu Ndori mu iyimika rya Kalinga, umurwa wa Ruganzu wari Ruganda ho muri Komini Tare mu Bumbogo, ho mu karere ka Rulindo ubu.
Imihango yo y’iramvura rya Kalinga yateguriwe kwa Minyaruko wa Nyamikenke mu Busigi. Kalinga iramvurwa na Nyamigezi wa Minyaruko, ayiramvura i Cyungo ho muri Cyungo, Minyaruko ayitura Ruganzu. Ruganzu aho amariye gushinga ingoro ye i Mata ya Muhanga ho muri Komini Mushubati mu Karere ka Muhanga ubu, na ya Cyimugizi yari yarabundishijwe na Gitandura iza gutarurwa n’abashumba ahantu h’ubuvumo.
Ruganzu aherako ayisimbuza Nangamadumbu, ayimika ho Ingabekazi isanga Kalinga yongera kuba iyayo.Nangamadumbu ishingwa abatandura ngo bayiragira by’ingororano y’ishyaka rya Gitandura, wari waracikanye Cyimumugizi igihe byacikiraga i Rubi rw’i Nyundo.
Kugirango Kalinga itazaba inshike nka Rwoga bayiremeye inshungu ebyiri: Bariba na Karihejuru, ziremwaho insimbura-ngabe. Nyuma yaho Kigeli Rwabugili aziremeraho Mpatsibihugu, Kiragutse, Icyumwe na Butare.
Izo zose zikaba zarahiriye ku ntambara yo ku Rucunshu. Kalinga yari Ingabe ndanga-sumbwe y’u Rwanda ku bihugu rwanesheje. Ikirango cy’iryo sumbwe, ni ibikondo by’abami b’amahanga bishwe n’abami b’u Rwanda mu ntambara, ibyo binyita babishyiraga mu mpuzu bikaza kumera nk’injishi z’igisabo, bagakokera n’ubuhivu bakabyambika Ingabe bigatendera mu ruhanga rwayo. Bomekagaho n’ibisabo bashyiragamo inda y’inka (amara) baraguje yeze, hagataho inyundo ya Gihanga. Kalinga n’Ibigamba:Cyimumugizi, Kiragutse na Mpatsibihugu
Zagiraga buri ngoma, ingabo zisobetse nk’insika, ingabo iri imbere y’ingoma. Kandi buri ngoma yabaga ifite icumu rishinze iruhande rwayo. Habaga n’izindi ngoma z’ibyegera by’Ingabe:
Gatsindamiko yari indamutsa ya Yuhi Musinga
Rucabagome na Ntibushuba Kigeri Rwabugili yanyaze Kabego Umwami w’Ijwi
Rugiramisango yaremwe na Kigeri Ndabarasa, iza guhira ku Rucunshu. Ku ngoma ya Yuhi Musinga arema indi yasimburaga iyo yakongotse ubwo byacikiraga ku Rucunshu. Kalinga yari Ingabe ndanga-sumbwe no ku zindi ngoma
Yarahekwaga igihe cy’imihango y’umuganura n’igihe cy’ubwihisho, yashyikirizwaga umuganura.
Yarambikwaga mu mihango, ikambara imyishywa n’imirembe. Yavugirizwaga izindi ngoma iz’imivugo, ikanabikirwa. Yabikirwaga umwami yatanze, umwiru w’Umutege akayicaho indasago eshatu.
Yarasigwaga mu iyimikwa ry’umwami, igasigwa mbere y’izindi igasigwa amaraso y’inka bereje, uruhu rw’iyo nka rukambikwa undi Mwami uzima igihe cyo kumwimika. Yagiraga umunyakalinga wayo wo kwa Cyenge cya Ndungutse mu Musenyi, n’umugaragu wayo wo mu benenyamigezi bo mu Busigi.
Hifashishijwe igitabo: Ingoma i Rwanda, (Simpenzwe Pascal, 1992)
Yarasigwaga mu iyimikwa ry’umwami, igasigwa mbere y’izindi igasigwa amaraso y’inka bereje, uruhu rw’iyo nka rukambikwa undi Mwami uzima igihe cyo kumwimika. Yagiraga umunyakalinga wayo wo kwa Cyenge cya Ndungutse mu Musenyi, n’umugaragu wayo wo mu benenyamigezi bo mu Busigi.
Hifashishijwe igitabo: Ingoma i Rwanda, (Simpenzwe Pascal, 1992)
